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FHWA Lighting Handbook August 2. Safety. FHWA Lighting Handbook August 2. Downloadable Version.

PDF . FHWA- SA- 1. Government Accession No.

Recipient's Catalog No. Title and Subtitle.

FHWA Lighting Handbook. Report Date. August 2. Performing Organization Code. Author(s)Paul Lutkevich, Don Mc. Lean, Joseph Cheung. Performing Organization Report No.

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Performing Organization Name and Address Parsons Brinckerhoff, 7. Arlington St. Boston, MA1. Work Unit No.: 1. Contract or Grant No. DTFH 6. 1- 1. 0- P- 0.

Sponsoring Agency Name and Address. Office of Safety. Federal Highway Administration. New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington DC 2.

Type of Report and Period Covered. Final Report. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code. Descargar Legend Zelda Ocarina Time Espanol N64 Controller. Supplementary Notes. Abstract. This handbook is an update to the 1. FHWA Lighting Handbook 7. It is meant to provide guidance to designers and State, city, and town officials concerning the application of roadway lighting.

Supplementing and referring to other resources developed by AASHTO, IES, and CIE this document contains information on: Policy and Guidance – discussing references, policy, and recommendations used by FHWA in evaluating and administering funds for roadway and street lighting projects. Basic Terms and Concepts – discussing descriptions of significant terms and concepts used in roadway and street lighting projects. Warranting Criteria – including various warranting methods available when considering lighting. Lighting Impacts – discussing various impacts (both positive and negative) of lighting systems and ways to control and mitigate. Application Considerations – supplementing information provided in the reference documents. Other Systems and Issues – discussing additional lighting and non- lighting elements impacting the roadway user. Key Words. Roadway lighting, street lighting, visibility, warrants, safety, adaptive lighting, lighting policy.

Distribution Statement. No restrictions. This document is available to the public through National Technical Information Center, Springfield, Virginia 2. Security Classification (of this report)Unclassified. Security Classification (of this page)Unclassified.

No of Pages. 96. 22. Price. Form DOT F 1. Table of Contents. List of Figures. Policy and Guidance.

This section discusses the references, policy, and recommendations used by the Federal Highway Administration in evaluating and administering funds for roadway and street. Purpose of Lighting. Purpose of Handbook. This handbook supplements the guidance provided by AASHTO and IESThis handbook has been prepared to provide guidance to lighting designers and State, city, and town officials concerning the design and application of roadway lighting.

It is not. intended to be a detailed design guide. It is primarily a resource for policy makers and. Documents available from. American Association of State Highway and Transportation.

Officials (AASHTO), the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), and the Commission. Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) offer recommendations on lighting levels, lighting. This handbook directs users to that information. The document is divided into six areas of discussion.

These areas include: Policy and Guidance – discussing references, policy, and recommendations used by FHWA in. Basic Terms and Concepts – discussing descriptions of significant terms and concepts used. Warranting Criteria – including various warranting methods available when considering. Lighting Impacts – discussing various impacts (both positive and negative) of lighting.

Application Considerations – supplementing information provided in the reference documents. Other Systems and Issues – discussing additional lighting and non- lighting elements impacting the roadway user. This handbook is an update to the 1. FHWA Lighting Handbook 7. Key documents that provide guidance and criteria for roadway lighting and associated.

The latest versions of these documents should be used as. AASHTO GL- 6 Roadway Lighting Design Guide (www. ANSI/IES RP- 8 Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting (www. ANSI/IES RP- 2. 2 Standard Practice for Tunnel Lighting (www. ANSI/IES RP- 2. 2 Standard Practice for Tunnel Lighting (www. IES DG- 1. 9 Design Guide for Roundabout Lighting (www. FHWA- RD- 0. 1- 1.

Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians (www. FHWA- SA- 0. 7- 0. Railroad- Highway Grade Crossing Handbook (www. FHWA- HRT- 0. 8- 0. Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks (www.

TAC Guide for the Design of Roadway Lighting 2. Edition (www. tac- atc.

NCHRP 6. 72 Roundabouts: An Informational Guide – Second Edition (www. Additional useful documents include: Figure 1a - Fatal Crash Rates per VMT for Day and Night (2. FARS and NHTS data)1.

Purpose of Roadway and Street Lighting. Studies have shown a reduction in nighttime fatal crashes of up to 6. Driving or walking on, or across, a roadway is less safe in darkness than in a lighted area, due to the reduced visibility of hazards and pedestrians. Though the number of fatal crashes occurring in daylight is about the same as those that occur in darkness, only 2. Because of that the nighttime fatality rate is three times the daytime rate, as illustrated in Figure 1a. Figure 1b shows the difference in the number of fatal crashes on lit and unlit roadways. Figure 1b - Fatal Crashes during Darkness by Lighting Condition (2.

FARS data)On a fundamental level, driving is largely a visual task. Being able to adequately see the road/street ahead and observe conflicting traffic and the behavior of other highway users is integral to the driving task. Lighting significantly improves the visibility of the roadway, increases sight distance, and makes roadside obstacles more noticeable to the driver, and therefore more avoidable. Roadway lighting is a proven safety countermeasure.

The positive safety effects of lighting have been documented in various reports and publications. For example, an FHWA/AASHTO international scan documented (1) that many countries showed a 2. More recently, the FHWA Signalized Intersection Informational Guide (3) reported that adding lighting can reduce nighttime crashes by 5. There have been many other studies that document similar safety benefits of lighting.

In addition to traffic safety, adequate lighting provides clear benefits in terms of personal security. Roadway lighting often serves the purpose of safeguarding personal safety for pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit users as they travel along and across roadways. Deep shadows or darkness reduce personal security, and walking, bicycling or commercial activities may become uncomfortable or unsafe.

Thus, ensuring that the lighting provides minimum acceptable levels of illumination is of great importance to all users of a roadway environment. Noteworthy research included as part of the FHWA CMF Clearinghouse discussing the effects of road lighting on safety and driver performance includes: Elvik and Vaa (2.

Per Ole Wanvik (2. Other research of note include: Lipinski and Wortman (1. Walker and Roberts (1. The Minnesota Local Road Research Board (2. Federal Guidance and Recommendations Regarding Roadway Lighting. Determination of Lighting Need. The FHWA review. process requires a.

MOUThe FHWA administers funding for State roadway lighting projects that meet certain. These projects are eligible under Section 1. Title 2. 3, United States Code (Highway Safety Improvement Program). In addition, these projects are eligible for. Federal share under 2. U. S. C. 1. 20(c).

When Federal aid is used for a lighting project, the applicant can support the need for a roadway lighting system by including the following items: A warrant analysis showing that lighting is a. A project criteria document showing that the. AASHTO or the IES. A safety analysis and study showing that a lighting. There are various ways of. One is to use the. AASHTO Highway Safety Manual – 2.

HSM)(2. 5). Some of the effects of various treatments, such as. Crash. Modification Factors (CMFs). CMFs represent the change expected in crash frequency due to a.