Culture of the United Kingdom. The Proms is a nine- week summer season of daily classical music concerts, culminating with a final night of traditional patriotic music. The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK's history as a developedisland country, a liberal democracy and a major power; its predominantly Christianreligious life; and its composition of four countries—England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland—each of which has distinct customs, cultures and symbolism. The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture.

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British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture and education are important aspects of British culture. The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world- leading scientists (e. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin) and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture; numerous sports originated in the country, including football. The UK has been described as a . As a result of the British Empire, significant British influence can be observed in the language, law, culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries, including Australia, Canada, India, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations. These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britain's closest allies.

In Wales, all pupils at state schools must either be taught through the medium of Welsh or study it as an additional language until age 1. Welsh Language Act 1. Government of Wales Act 1. Welsh and English languages should be treated equally in the public sector, so far as is reasonable and practicable. Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act, passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2.

Statistical Techniques You have not yet voted on this site! If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. You can borrow all kinds of media at your local public library, from audiobooks, to albums, to films on physical discs. But some libraries, like the Los Angeles. Install Apache Php5 Mysql Linux Database.

Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding equal respect with English, and required the creation of a national plan for Gaelic to provide strategic direction for the development of the Gaelic language. The Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for: Welsh (in Wales), Scottish Gaelic and Scots (in Scotland), Cornish (in Cornwall), and Irish and Ulster Scots (in Northern Ireland). British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Regional accents. Some nearby cities have different dialects and accents, such as Scousers from Liverpool and Mancunians from Manchester, which are separated by just 3.

Notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul Mc. Cartney of The Beatles, while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Michael Caine is a notable exponent, as is the Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady whose dialect includes words that are common among working- class Londoners, such as ain't: . The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as !

Sploice the mainbrace! The poetry of the time was highly formal, as exemplified by the works of Alexander Pope, and the English novel became popular, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1. Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1. Completed after nine years work, Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1.

British dictionary until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 1. In Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland. In Wales the late 1. Iolo Morganwg. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1.

Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. Major poets in 1. English literature included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Alfred Lord Tennyson, John Keats, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Edward Lear (the limerick), Percy Shelley and Lord Byron. The Victorian era was the golden age of the realistic English novel, with Jane Austen, the Bront. His novels include The Jungle Book and The Man Who Would Be King. His poem If— is a national favourite.

Like William Ernest Henley's poem Invictus, it is a memorable evocation of Victorianstoicism and a . The Celtic Revival stimulated a new appreciation of traditional Irish literature. The Scottish Renaissance of the early 2.

Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and Scots. The English novel developed in the 2.

English literary form. Other prominent novelists from the UK include George Orwell, C. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, D. Lawrence, Mary Shelley, Lewis Carroll, J.

Tolkien, Virginia Woolf, Ian Fleming, Walter Scott, Agatha Christie, J. Barrie, Joseph Conrad, Graham Greene, E.

Forster, Aldous Huxley, Roald Dahl, Arthur C. Clarke, Daphne du Maurier, Alan Moore, Ian Mc. Ewan, Anthony Burgess, Evelyn Waugh, William Golding, Salman Rushdie, Douglas Adams, P. Wodehouse, Martin Amis, J. Ballard, Beatrix Potter, A. Milne, Philip Pullman, Terry Pratchett, H. Rider Haggard, Enid Blyton, Neil Gaiman and J.

Important British poets of the 2. Rudyard Kipling, W. Auden, Ted Hughes, Philip Larkin, T. Eliot, John Betjeman and Dylan Thomas.

Created in 1. 96. Man Booker Prize is the highest profile British literary award.

It is awarded each year in early October for the best original novel, written in English and published in the UK. Tolkien, Jane Austen, Philip Pullman, Douglas Adams and J. Rowling making up the top five on the list. The West End is the main theatre district in the UK. Popular entertainment became more important in this period than ever before, with fair- booth burlesque and mixed forms that are the ancestors of the English music hall. These forms flourished at the expense of other forms of English drama, which went into a long period of decline. By the early 1. 9th century it was no longer represented by stage plays at all, but by the closet drama, plays written to be privately read in a .

Production of serious plays was restricted to the patent theatres, and new plays were subject to censorship by the Lord Chamberlain's Office. At the same time, there was a burgeoning theatre sector featuring a diet of low melodrama and musical burlesque; but critics described British theatre as driven by commercialism and a . The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was opened in Shakespeare's birthplace Stratford upon Avon in 1. Herbert Beerbohm Tree founded an Academy of Dramatic Art at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1. Gilbert and composer Arthur Sullivan, nurtured their collaboration, and had their first success with Trial by Jury.

Among Gilbert and Sullivan's best known comic operas are H. M. S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado. The National Theatre's largest auditorium is named after Olivier, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. Lionel Bart's 1. 96.

Oliver! In July 1. National Theatre in London, and a separate board was constituted to run a National Theatre Company and lease the Old Vic theatre. The Company remained at the Old Vic until 1. South Bank building was opened. A National Theatre of Scotland was set up in 2.

Today the West End of London has many theatres, particularly centred on Shaftesbury Avenue. A prolific composer of musical theatre in the 2. Andrew Lloyd Webber has been referred to as .