Augustus - Wikipedia. Augustus (Latin: Imper. His maternal great- uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 4. BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir, then known as Octavianus (Anglicized as Octavian). He, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar.

Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 3. BC. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward fa. In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, and those of tribune and censor. It took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule.

He rejected monarchical titles, and instead called himself Princeps Civitatis (. The resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana (The Roman Peace). Install Iis Component Asp Net Unesco more.

The Roman world was largely free from large- scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year- long civil war known as the . Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia; expanding possessions in Africa; expanding into Germania; and completing the conquest of Hispania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire- fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 1. He probably died from natural causes, although there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him.

He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son (also stepson and former son- in- law) Tiberius. Name. Augustus (.

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Historians typically refer to him simply as Octavius (or Octavian) between his birth in 6. Julius Caesar in 4. BC (after Julius Caesar's death). Upon his adoption, he took Caesar's name and became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus in accordance with Roman adoptionnaming standards. He quickly dropped .

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Beitzel, age 93, of Dubuque, and formerly of North Buena Vista, Iowa, was called home peacefully at 6:35 a.m., on Friday, July 28, 2017, at home, surrounded. If you find the resources on this website useful, please consider making a donation of any amount to help me continue my work creating more resources and. Watch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. Militaria Mart features a reputable dealer directory and resource site for collectors of militaria. Official site. Provides outlook, history, roster, statistics, and schedule as well as information about coaches, tickets, and broadcasts. While his paternal family was from the town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Rome, Augustus was born in the city of Rome on 23 September 63 BC. Job interview questions and sample answers list, tips, guide and advice. Helps you prepare job interviews and practice interview skills and techniques.

He was given the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus, his cognomen possibly commemorating his father's victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. Octavius only mentions his father's equestrian family briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great- grandfather Gaius Octavius was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War.

His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Gaius Octavius, had been governor of Macedonia. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius.

Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmother, Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar. Julia died in 5. 2 or 5. BC, and Octavius delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother. He donned the toga virilis four years later. He rejected the advice of some army officers to take refuge with the troops in Macedonia and sailed to Italy to ascertain whether he had any potential political fortunes or security. Roman citizens adopted into a new family usually retained their old nomen in cognomen form (e. Octavianus for one who had been an Octavius, Aemilianus for one who had been an Aemilius, etc.).

However, though some of his contemporaries did. BCArriving in Rome on 6 May 4. BC. They had been granted a general amnesty on 1. March, yet Antony succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome. Mark Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he initially opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. During the summer, he managed to win support from Caesarian sympathizers, however, who saw the younger heir as the lesser evil and hoped to manipulate him, or to bear with him during their efforts to get rid of Antony.

In September, the leading Optimate orator Marcus Tullius Cicero began to attack Antony in a series of speeches portraying him as a threat to the Republican order. This provided an opportunity for Octavian, who already was known to have armed forces. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies. Both sides bear the inscription .

However, the sources agree that enacting the proscriptions was a means by all three factions to eliminate political enemies. For example, Octavian allowed the proscription of his ally Cicero, Antony the proscription of his maternal uncle Lucius Julius Caesar (the consul of 6. BC), and Lepidus his brother Paullus. Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; reverse: DIVVS IVLIV. Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing the fact that he was Divi filius, . Mark Antony later used the examples of these battles as a means to belittle Octavian, as both battles were decisively won with the use of Antony's forces.

Gaul and the provinces of Hispania and Italia were placed in the hands of Octavian. Antony traveled east to Egypt where he allied himself with Queen Cleopatra VII, the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar's infant son Caesarion. Lepidus was left with the province of Africa, stymied by Antony, who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead.

The tens of thousands who had fought on the republican side with Brutus and Cassius could easily ally with a political opponent of Octavian if not appeased, and they also required land. Octavian chose the former. How To Install Hp Qc Versions more. He returned Clodia to her mother, claiming that their marriage had never been consummated. Fulvia decided to take action.

Together with Lucius Antonius, she raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian. Lucius and Fulvia took a political and martial gamble in opposing Octavian, however, since the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries. He was established in Sicily and Sardinia as part of an agreement reached with the Second Triumvirate in 3. BC. This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony, however. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight due to their Caesarian cause, while the legions under their command followed suit. Fulvia's death and the mutiny of their centurions allowed the two remaining triumvirs to effect a reconciliation. The Italian peninsula was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers, but in reality, this provision was useless for Antony in the East.

Pompeius' own son was put in charge as naval commander in the effort to cause widespread famine in Italy. Octavian lacked the resources to confront Pompeius alone, however, so an agreement was reached with the Second Triumvirate's extension for another five- year period beginning in 3.

BC. Octavian ensured Rome's citizens of their rights to property in order to maintain peace and stability in his portion of the Empire. This time, he settled his discharged soldiers outside of Italy, while also returning 3. Roman owners—slaves who had fled to join Pompeius' army and navy. Antony refused. He also awarded the title .

However, Octavian received two key deserters from Antony in the autumn of 3. BC: Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius. The will would have given away Roman- conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule, and designated Alexandria as the site for a tomb for him and his queen. It was there that Antony's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller, more maneuverable ships under commanders Agrippa and Gaius Sosius in the battle of Actium on 2 September 3.

How The Warlord Who Controls Chechnya Uses Sports To Rule. When Ramzan Kadyrov stepped into the Akhmat- Arena in Grozny on a brisk December morning in 2. Dressed in black, the longtime head of the Chechen Republic surveyed the scene within the country’s primary soccer stadium, where 2. Instead of the cheers and chants typical during matches, silence pierced the packed stadium. The Kadyrovtsy—an armed militia fiercely loyal to the man their army is named after—awaited instructions from their leader.

Standing alone on a stage erected overnight on the stadium’s well- groomed pitch, the strongman’s booming voice addressed his private army. A large screen projected images of Grozny from behind Kadyrov, while magnified images of his father and Putin were propped prominently on either side of him. Allahu Akhbar! Allahu Akhbar! Allahu Akhbar!”Kadyrov’s public spectacle was as concerning as it was revelatory. The speech emphasized his willingness to unleash a private militia at the Kremlin’s request, both domestically and abroad.

The Kadyrovtsy, who reportedly assassinate journalists and dissidents at Kadyrov’s bidding, are considered a terrifying force. Their alleged crimes also include kidnapping, murder, and rape to enforce Kadyrov’s absolute rule through violence. As the result of the wide autonomy and hefty budget granted to him by the Kremlin in exchange for the continuous suppression and pacification of the rebellious North Caucasus republic, Kadyrov operates Chechnya like his own personal fiefdom. While Kadyrov has transformed Chechnya’s capital, Grozny, into a miniature Dubai, complete with sparkly buildings and fancy restaurants, Chechens continue to suffer the wrath of his rule. Human rights and basic freedoms are considered unattainable luxuries.

Within this repressive context, sports play an influential role in Kady. Sports are used as a tool to fabricate a sense of normality and distract from the ongoing abuse with the republic - an effective tool to maintain control of Chechnya. Kadyrov’s display of military might within the Akhmat- Arena in late 2. Grozny’s stadium, once dedicated to the beautiful game, had been temporarily transformed into a makeshift playground within which Kadyrov could rally his troops on a whim. Kadyrov’s manipulation of sports stems from a longstanding tradition, typical of authoritarian regimes. Sports, in many forms, have long been used as instruments for diplomacy, as well as for control.

The Chechen government has tightened control over the republic’s national sports as part of Kadyrov’s tyrannical rule, and have since used it to achieve political gains, project an image of power, and enhance his legitimacy. In the months that followed his dramatic speech, Kadyrov began to further institutionalize sports within his republic. Members of his inner circle, all of whom shared a military background and clanship with Kadyrov, were placed in command of Chechnya’s sports. Two men in particular—Magomed “Lord” Daudov and Abuzayed “Patriot” Vismuradov—have been tasked with running Kadyrov’s favourite sports, thus ensuring that soccer and mixed martial arts are firmly under government control. The Lord of Soccer. Since rising to power as the head of the Chechen Republic at age 3.

Ramzan Kadyrov has spent the past decade consolidating his rule over the troubled North Caucasus republic. Following a lavish inauguration ceremony in 2. Kadyrov reshuffled his government and cabinet to promote members of his own clan to positions of authority.

Key roles such as prime minister were all given to Kadyrov’s close relatives. However, despite the nepotism at play, one reformed militant was able to work his way up the ranks to run the Chechen parliament, and Chechen soccer as well. Magomed Daudov fought alongside the separatists and insurgents during the two Chechen wars before surrendering and switching sides to Ramzan Kadyrov’s father, Akhmad Haji Kadyrov, in 2. He received amnesty from Kadyrov and was promoted to colonel in an effort to combat the remainder of the armed resistance in Chechnya. Presently, he is the chairman of the Chechen Parliament, and remains Kadyrov’s prime example of a reformed militant resocialized into the Chechen political sphere. Daudov—known by his nom de guerre, Lord—is not only considered to be one of Kadyrov’s most influential watchdogs, but also one of the most dangerous men in the Chechen Republic.

His list of controversies include the alleged blackmail and assault of a chief judge and his advocacy of bigamy. He publicly threatened the editor of an independent Caucasus news website, claiming he would “cut his tongue to standard size,” and was recently implicated for playing a key role in the reported crackdown on LGBTQ people in Chechnya. Naturally, Daudov’s scandalous reputation has made him a useful ally in Kadyrov’s quest for sports domination. This occurred after the club’s former president and head of the republic, Akhmad Kadyrov, was assassinated during a match that same year.

Ramzan took over as president of the club and maintained that role until November 2. Daudov to president. Now it is your task.”At the time, Terek FC was a resurgent team with a significant financial reserve. In 2. 01. 1 alone, Kadyrov built the 3. Akhmat- Arena as the club’s new home, hosted the 2.

World Cup- winning Brazil team for an exhibition match against a makeshift team he captained himself, and appointed former Dutch player Ruud Gullit as the team’s head coach, all in an attempt to foster economic development and a sense of legitimacy in Chechnya. As Kadyrov explained at the time, “This event could give a powerful impetus for developing the sport, not only in the republic but also in the entire North Caucasus.” Soccer became Kadyrov’s field of opportunity for sociopolitical gain, which resulted in the Terek FC team being involved in scandalous claims of attempted blackmail. During a match between Terek FC and FC Rubin Kazan, a team from the Republic of Tatarstan, on October 2. Daudov went into the officials’ changing room during halftime and pressured the officials to show bias towards the Grozny side. During the second half of the match, the referee sent two FC Rubin players off with red cards, which allowed Terek to close out a 3- 1 victory. While Chechen authorities denied the report, this was the second time that Terek FC had been accused of attempted blackmail.

Terek FC was also accused of match- fixing, though none of the alleged cases have been confirmed. Reports suggest that Kadyrov willingly paid off teams and officials to ensure that Terek FC finished in good standing post- season.

Reports of brawls and players being injured by masked spectators were also commonplace in Grozny. An incident in 2. Terek FC and Krasnodar FC youth teams eventually resulted in a Krasnodar player, Spartak Gogniev, being sent off the field with a red card. Tension rose and a brawl ensued between the two teams, during which a group of masked men captured Gogniev and battered him with batons. He was hospitalized with a broken nose, cracked ribs, and a concussion. Perhaps the most infamous incident to take place during a Grozny match was when Kadyrov personally interrupted a game between Terek FC and FC Rubin Kazan in 2.

The refs been bought off! You’re an ass!” In 2. Daudov announced that Terek FC would, at the request of “thousands of fans,” be renamed Akhmat FC in honor of Ramzan Kadyrov’s father, Akhmad Haji Kadyrov. The club’s president noted on social media that “in our veins flows the pure Chechen blood of our fathers!

And in our hearts, the name of Ahmad!” While considered a tribute to the republic’s late president, this use of the name of Ramzan’s father also provides another avenue for Kadyrov to to bolster his cult of personality. Many of Chechnya’s newly- erected buildings, schools, hospitals, and other forms of infrastructure now bear his father’s name, a strategic decision that further entwines Kadyrov’s family with Chechnya’s modern history.